年龄和性别因素对奇台沙蜥食性的影响

采用胃容物分析法研究年龄和性别因素对奇台沙蜥(Phrynocephalus grumgrzimailoi)食性的影响.共解剖220号浸制标本,取出整胃分离胃容物,鉴别胃容物中的食物种类,统计各种食物组分的数量频率、重量比例、出现频率和相对重要性指数(index of relative importance,IRI).结...     

青海沙蜥的热耐受性、选择体温及摄食和运动表现的热依赖性

研究了青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)成体的选择体温、热耐受性及食物同化和运动表现的热依赖性。结果显示:选择体温、临界低温和临界高温无显著的两性差异,其平均值分别为33.3、0.9℃和46.9℃。在27-35℃实验温度范围内,体温显著影响日摄食量,表观消化系数(ADC)和同化效率(AE)无显著影响。停顿次数随着体温的升高而降低,至39℃时停顿次数最少,但与37℃和41℃处理下的停顿次数无显著差异。疾跑速在17-39℃范围内随体温升高而加快,在39℃体温下最快。体温大于39℃后速度减慢。在17-27℃体温范围内,随体温的升高持续运动距离无显著差异。持续运动距离在29-41℃体温下大于较低体温(17-27℃)下的测定值。     

青海沙蜥的两性异型和雌性繁殖

作者研究了青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)形态特征的两性异形和雌体繁殖特征。蜥蜴于2005年5月初捕自西宁以西约150km的倒淌河,被检形态特征包括体色、体长、腹长、尾长、头长和头宽,新排卵雌体维持在实验室梯度热环境中直至产仔。成体两性异形显著,而性未成熟个体缺乏两性异形。最大的成年雄体和雌体分别为70.2mmSVL(snout-vent length)和82.8mmSVL。雄性成体具有相对较大的头长、头宽和尾长,雌性成体SVL大于雄体且具有相对较大的腹长。对4个形态特征进行主成分分析(特征值≥0.5)区分出2个主成分,共解释83.9%的两性相关形态特征的变异。去除SVL差异的影响后,尾长、头长和头宽在第一主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释57.8%的变异),腹长在第二主成分有较高的负负载系数(解释26.1%的变异)。实验室梯度热环境下的雌体于6月下旬至7月中旬产单窝、2-6个后代。窝仔数和窝仔重与母体SVL呈正相关,幼仔重与母体SVL无关。未在青海沙蜥中检测到后代数量与大小之间的权衡。     

Genetic evidence for male‐biased dispersal in the Qinghai toad‐headed agamid Phrynocephalus vlangalii and its potential link to individual social interactions

Sex‐biased dispersal has profound impacts on a species' biology and several factors have been attributed to its evolution, including mating system, inbreeding avoidance, and social complexity. Sex‐biased dispersal and its potential link to individual social interactions were examined in the Qinghai toad‐headed agamid (Phrynocephalus vlangalii). We first determined the pattern of sex‐biased dispersal using population genetic methods. A total of 345 specimens from 32 sites in the Qaidam Basin were collected and genotyped for nine microsatellite DNA loci. Both individual‐based assignment tests and allele frequency‐based analyses were conducted. Females revealed much more genetic structure than males and all results were consistent with male‐biased dispersal. First‐generation migrants were also identified by genetic data. We then examined eight social interaction‐related morphological traits and explored their potential link to sex‐biased dispersal. Female residents had larger heads and longer tails than female migrants. The well‐developed signal system among females, coupled with viviparity, might make remaining on natal sites beneficial, and hence promote female philopatry. Dominant females with larger heads were more likely to stay. Contrary to females, male migrants had larger heads and belly patches than residents, suggesting that dispersal might confer selective advantages for males. Such advantages may include opportunities for multiple mating and escaping from crowded sites. Large belly patches and several other morphological traits may assist their success in obtaining mates during dispersal. Furthermore, a relatively high relatedness (R = 0.06) among females suggested that this species might have rudimentary social structure. Case studies in “less” social species may provide important evidence for a better understanding of sex‐biased dispersal.     

Proximate causes of altitudinal differences in body size in an agamid lizard

Body size is directly linked to key life history traits such as growth, fecundity, and survivorship. Identifying the causes of body size variation is a critical task in ecological and evolutionary research. Body size variation along altitudinal gradients has received considerable attention; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we compared the growth rate and age structure of toad‐headed lizards (Phrynocephalus vlangalii) from two populations found at different elevations in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. We used mark‐recapture and skeletochronological analysis to identify the potential proximate causes of altitudinal variation in body size. Lizards from the high‐elevation site had higher growth rates and attained slightly larger adult body sizes than lizards from the low‐elevation site. However, newborns produced by high‐elevation females were smaller than those by low‐elevation females. Von Bertalanffy growth estimates predicted high‐elevation individuals would reach sexual maturity at an earlier age and have a lower mean age than low‐elevation individuals. Relatively lower mean age for the high‐elevation population was confirmed using the skeletochronological analysis. These results support the prediction that a larger adult body size of high‐elevation P. vlangalii results from higher growth rates, associated with higher resource availability.     

温度对蜥蜴血红蛋白及血浆总蛋白浓度的影响

研究在不同实验温度下驯化的荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）和密点麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｘ　ｍｕｌ－ｔｉｏｃｅｌｌａｔａ）的血红蛋白浓度、血浆总蛋白浓度以及血浆清蛋白与球蛋白比例的变化，结果表明；在５℃下驯化的两种蜥蜴的血红蛋白浓度都很低；而在１５℃～３０℃之间驯化的蜥蜴血红蛋白浓度较高且比较稳定；３５℃时蜥蜴的血红蛋白浓度则下降。在同温度下密点麻蜥的血红蛋白浓度高于荒漠沙蜥。同种蜥蜴中，雄性的血红蛋白浓度高于雌性。两种蜥蜴的血浆总蛋白浓度均随驯化温度的升高而增加；荒漠沙蜥在２５℃、密点麻蜥在２０℃～２５℃时，血浆清蛋白与球蛋白的比例基本相等，高于或低于此温度时，清蛋白的比例上升，球蛋白的比例则下降。     

荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究

荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）１年繁殖１次,有明显的季节性周期。４月初出蛰时雄性精巢已相当发育,５月其重量和体积最大,６月变小,进入精子发生的晚期,７月降到最小,８月开始回升,１０月中旬入蛰时已接近春季出蛰时水平。１年内仅７月精巢中无精子。雌性出蛰后卵细胞开始发育,４月下旬进入成熟期,６月达高峰,７月下降,８月进入休止期。每雌年产卵１～３枚或１～４枚,平均１．８３（ｎ＝４８,１９８７）和２．１７（ｎ＝４８,１９９３）。特定体长组的生殖率是影响种群年平均生殖率的主要因素。生殖周期与光周期相符,光周期是影响荒漠沙蜥生殖周期的主要气候因子。     

广西石灰岩地区蕨类新植物

广西石灰岩地区蕨类新植物周厚高,黎桦,黄玉源（广西农业大学,南宁５３０００５）关键词桂南爬树蕨;广西耳蕨;节毛耳蕨;石灰岩地区;广西ＮＥＷＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＰＴＥＲＩＤＯＰＨＹＴＥＦＲＯＭＬＩＭＥＳＴＯＮＥＡＲＥＡＯＦＧＵＡＮＧＸＩ￥ＺｈｏｕＨｏｕｇ...     

桂南爬树蕨的组织结构研究

本文对桂南爬树蕨的主要器官进行了解剖结构的研究,结果表明：茎的中柱为仅有两个新月型的维管束,中柱内及其周围的机械组织形成“８”字形。与爬树蕨相同,为新的中柱类型,中柱周围的几层皮层组织特化为机械组织的起始位置为对正维管束长轴的中央。而髓部的机械组织分化的起点是在中轴的中间位置,呈线形,同时向两侧分化。木质部分化为沿圆周线方向两端式,为新的分化方式。叶为等面叶,与爬树蕨相比,叶的厚度小,叶肉细胞层数少且细胞排列紧密,机械组织明显少。叶缘近圆形。根为二原型,直径比后者略小些。孢子类型与爬树蕨相同,孢子囊群无囊群盖。     

Historical vicariance and male-mediated gene flow in the toad-headed lizards Phrynocephalus przewalskii

Using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA data and a population genetic approach, we tested male‐mediated gene flow in the toad‐headed lizards Phrynocephalus przewalskii. The mitochondrial DNA (ND2 gene), on the one hand, revealed two major lineages and a strong population genetic structure (F_ST = 0.692; F_ST′ = 0.995). The pairwise differences between the two lineages ranged from 2.1% to 6.4% and the geographical division of the two lineages coincided with a mountain chain consisting of the Helan and Yin Mountains, suggesting a historical vicariant pattern. On the other hand, the nuclear microsatellite DNA revealed a significant but small population genetic structure (F_ST = 0.017; F_ST′ = 0.372). The pairwise F_ST among the nine populations examined with seven microsatellite DNA loci ranged from 0.0062 to 0.0266; the assignment test failed to detect any naturally occurring population clusters. Furthermore, the populations demonstrated a weak isolation by distance and a northeast to southwest clinal variation, rather than a vicariant pattern. A historical vicariant event followed by male‐mediated gene flow appears to be the best explanation for the data. Approximately 2–5 Ma, climatic change may have created an uninhabitable zone along the Helan‐Yin mountain chain and initiated the divergence between the two mitochondrial lineages. With further climatic changes, males were able to disperse across the mountain chain, causing sufficient gene flow that eventually erased the vicariant pattern and drastically reduced the population genetic structure, while females remained philopatric and maintained the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) divergence. Although polygyny mating system and female philopatry may partially contribute to the reduced movement of females, other hypotheses, such as female intrasexual aggression, should also be explored.